8th Semester Calcutta university BA LLB Syllabus 2025

 

Paper 1 - Human Rights Law and Practice

Paper 2 - Interpretation of Statues and Principles of Legislation

Paper 3 - Environmental Law

Paper 4 - Labour and Industrial Law – I

Paper 1 

 Human Rights Law and Practice

1. Concept of Human Rights - National and International Insights.

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.

3. International Covenants on Political and Civil Rights, 1966.

4. International Covenants on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966.

5. Convention of Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1979.

6. Convention on Rights of Child, 1989.

7. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

8. Human Rights and Indian Constitution.

Paper 2 

Interpretation of Statues and Principles of Legislation

A. Principles of Interpretation.

1. Meaning of Interpretation and Construction of Statute.

2. Basic Rules of Interpretation.

a) Literal or Grammatical Rule of Interpretation.

b) Golden Rule of Interpretation.

c) Mischief Rule of Interpretation.

3. General principle of Interpretation.

a) Statute to be read as a while.

b) Intention of Legislature Predominates.

c) Statute to be construed to make it effective and workable.

4. Guiding Rules of Interpretation.

a) Causus Omissue.

5. Subsidiary Rules of Interpretation.

a) Mandatory and Directory Provisions.

b) Use of "Shall" and "May"

c) "It shall be lawful", "Shall have Power"

d) As be deems fit.

e) "or" and "and"

6. Maxims.

a) Nosciturus asociis.

b) Ejusdem Genesis.

c) Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius.

d) Reddendo Singula Singulis.

e) Generalia Specilibus non Derogant.

7. Internal Aids to Construction.

8. External Aids to Construction.

9. Interpretation of Taxing Statute.

10.Interpretation of Penal Statute.

11.Interpretation of Social and Beneficial Legislation.

12.Interpretation of Constitution.

B. General Clauses Act:

1. The General Clauses Act, 1987

C. Principles of Legislation:

1. Definition and Nature and scope of Legislation.

2. Criteria and Types of Legislations Individualism.

3. Collectivism and Marxism.

Paper - III

 Environmental Law

1. U. N. Stockholm Declaration 1972; Rio-Declaration 1992 Kioto Declaration.

2. The Meaning of 'Environment' as defined in the Environmental Protection Act,1986 {Section 2(a) and 'Pollution' as defined in the said Act of 1986 and the water Prevention and control of Pollution} Act, 1974, The concept of environment in the Constitution - Article 21, 47, 48A, 49 and 51A (g).

3. Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environment Pollution.

a) For Human Being: Pertaining to Water, Air and Noise.

b) For Non-Human Being: Pertaining to Wildlife including Plants and Forests.

4. Administration and functioning of Pollution Control Board with reference to Water Act.

5. Laws relating to the role of courts to protect environment pollution.

6. punishments in Environmental Law.

7. Environment Policy in India.

Paper 4 

Labour and Industrial Law - I

1. The Factories Act, 1948

a) Preliminary

b) Inspecting Stuff

c) Health d) Safety

e) Welfare

f) Employment of young Person.

2. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948:

a) Definitions - Minimum Wage, Fair Wage and Living Wage.

b) Fixing of Minimum Wages - Procedure and Payment.

c) Inspectors d) Claims e) Cognizance of Offences

f) Contracting Out.

 3. Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environment Pollution.

a) For Human Beings: Pertaining to Water, Air and Noise.

b) For Non-Human Being: Pertaining to Wildlife including Plants and Forests.

 4. The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923:

a) Definitions

b) Workmen's Compensation - Employee Liability

c) Commissioners - Their Power and Functions.

5. The Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948:

a) Definitions.

b) E.S.I. Corporation, Standing Committee, and Medical Benefit Council

c) Contribution.

6. The Fatal Accidents Act, 1855: Compensation to the Family of a person for loss occasioned to it by his death by actionable working.